Human body - Literature Subject

Human body moves in many different ways.
You can bend, stretch, turn, and twist.
You can move because your bones move at your joints, places where your bones meet.
But your bones can’t move by themselves—they need something to pull at them. 
This job is done by your muscles, which are joined to your bones in order to move them.

Types of joints in the human body

Types of joints in the human body

Ball and socket joints give you the most movement. The round end of one bone fits into a hollow part of another bone. Examples are your hip joints and shoulder joints.


Hinge joints work like a door on a hinge. Movement in hinge joints is only in two directions. Your knees and elbows have hinge joints.

Pivot joints allow parts of your body to twist. Your head moves from side to side because it rests on a pivot joint at the top of your spine. In the same way, you can turn your hands over by flipping your wrists.

Gliding joints are one of the simplest kinds of joints. They allow a sliding movement when two pieces of bone come together. There are gliding joints on your backbone where the ribs meet the vertebrae.

A small shocking coil, suitable for medical purposes, may be constructed of materials found in nearly every amateur mechanics collection of odds and ends. The core, A, Fig. 1, is a piece of round soft iron rod about 1/4 in. in diameter and about 4 in. long. A strip of stiff paper about 3/4 in. wide is covered with glue and wrapped around one end of the core, as shown at B, until the diameter is about 3/8 in. The portion of the core remaining uncovered is then wrapped with a piece of paper about 4 in. wide. No glue is used on this piece, as it is removed later to form the space, C, after the paper shell, D, has been wound upon it. This paper shell is made of stiff paper and glue the same as B and is made about 3/64 in. thick. Two pieces of hardwood, EE, 1-3/4 in. square and about 5/16 in. thick, are drilled in the center and glued on the ends of the paper shell as shown.

The primary winding consists of 4 or 5 layers of No. 18 or 20 single cotton-covered magnet wire, the ends of which may be passed through small holes in the wooden ends. If a drill small enough is not available, the holes may be made with a hot knitting needle or a piece of wire heated to redness. After the primary coil is wound it should be thoroughly insulated before winding the secondary. This may be done by wrapping with 4 or 5 thicknesses of paper.

The secondary coil should be wound with single covered wire, preferably silk-covered, although cotton will do. The more turns there are on the secondary the higher the voltage will be, so the wire used must be fine. Number 32 to 36 will give good results, the latter giving more voltage but less amperage. Each layer of the secondary winding should be insulated from the others by a piece of thin paraffined paper wrapped over each layer as it is finished. It is well not to wind to the extreme ends of the paper insulations, but to leave a space of about 1/8-in. at each end of the winding to prevent the wires of one layer slipping over the ends of the paraffin paper and coming in contact with the layer beneath, thus causing a short circuit. The secondary winding should have at least a dozen layers and should be carefully wound to prevent short circuiting.

Induction Coil

In order to reduce the strength of the current a piece of brass tubing, F, is pushed into the space, C, surrounding the core, or if no brass tubing of the required size is on hand, roll a paper tube, cover with 4 or 5 thicknesses of tinfoil and then wrap with more paper, using glue to hold the tinfoil in place and to keep the tube from unwinding. When the tube is pushed all the way in, the current produced will be almost unnoticeable, but when it is withdrawn the current will be so strong that a person cannot let go the handles until the coil is shut off. After the secondary coil is wound it should be covered with stiff paper, and the whole coil, including the wood ends, should then be enameled black.

Induction Coil

It is then ready to be mounted on a wooden base as shown in Fig. 2. The secondary terminals are connected to the binding-posts, AA, which may be fastened on the base if desired. One wire from the primary is connected with the binding-post, B, and the other is connected with the armature, D, which may be taken from an old electric bell. The contact screw, E, also from an electric bell, is connected to the binding-post, C. The contact spring, F, should be bent against and soldered to the armature in order to make the vibrations more rapid.

If a false bottom is used on the base, all the wiring may be concealed, which adds greatly to the appearance and if desired a small switch may be added. The handles, which may be old bicycle pumps or electric light carbons, are connected to the binding-posts, AA, by means of wires about 3 or 4 ft. long. This coil when operating with the tube pulled all the way out and connected to a single dry cell will give a current stronger than most persons can stand.


Excerpt from the book:
THE BOY MECHANIC
VOLUME I
700 THINGS FOR BOYS TO DO
WITH 800 ILLUSTRATIONS
1913, BY H. H. WINDSOR CHICAGO
POPULAR MECHANICS CO. PUBLISHERS

SATURNALIA

The Saturnalia, a national festival held in December in honour of Saturn, was celebrated after the ingathering of the harvest, and lasted several days.
It was a time of universal rejoicing, cessation from labour, and merry-making. School children had holidays, friends sent presents to each other, the law-courts were closed, and no business was transacted.
Crowds of people from the surrounding country flocked to Rome for this festival attired in every variety of masquerade dress; practical jokes were given and received with the utmost good humour, shouts of exultation filled the air, all classes abandoned themselves to enjoyment, and unrestrained hilarity reigned supreme. Social distinctions were for a time suspended, or even reversed; and so heartily was the spirit of this festival entered into, that masters waited upon their slaves at banquets which they provided for them; the slaves being dressed upon these occasions in the garments of their masters.
There appears little doubt that the modern Carnival is a survival of the ancient Saturnalia.

CEREALIA

This festival was celebrated in honour of Ceres. It was solemnized exclusively by women, who, dressed in white garments, wandered about with torches in their hands, to represent the search of the goddess for her daughter Proserpine.
During this festival, games were celebrated in the Circus Maximus, to which none were admitted unless clothed in white.

VESTALIA

The Vestalia was a festival held in honour of Vesta on the 9th of June, and was celebrated exclusively by women, who walked barefooted in procession to the temple of the goddess.
The priestesses of Vesta, called Vestales or Vestal Virgins, played a conspicuous part in these festivals. They were six in number, and were chosen—between the ages of six and ten—from the noblest families in Rome. Their term of office was thirty years. During the first ten years, they were initiated in their religious duties, during the second ten they performed them, and during the third they instructed novices. Their chief duty was to watch and feed the ever-burning flame on the altar of Vesta, the extinction of which was regarded as a national calamity of ominous import.
Great honours and privileges were accorded to them; the best seats were reserved for their use at all public spectacles, and even the consuls and prætors made way for them to pass. If they met a criminal on his way to execution they had the power to pardon him, provided it could be proved that the meeting was accidental.
The Vestales were vowed to chastity, a violation of which was visited by the frightful punishment of being buried alive.

Text:
Myths and Legends of Ancient Greece and Rome
Author: E.M. Berens
Published: 1880

The Project Gutenberg E-Book
Produced by Alicia Williams, Keith Edkins and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net

http://www.bindaaspoll.com/festivals/61stRepublicDay.aspx

"It was 26th January 1950 one of the most important day in the Indian history as it was on this day when India became a truly sovereign state and the constitution of India came into force. Although India gained independence from the British rule on 15th August 1947 - an occasion marked with the Independence Day celebrations every year whereas the establishment of the Republic actually has its roots in the Lahore Session of the Indian National Congress at midnight of 31st December 1929 -1st January 1930 when the Tri-Color Flag was unfurled by the nationalists and a pledge taken that every year on 26th January, the Independence Day would be celebrated and that the people would unceasingly strive for the establishment of a Sovereign Democratic Republic of India. The professed pledge was successfully redeemed on 26th January 1950, when the Constitution of India framed by the Constituent Assembly of India came into force, although the Independence from the British rule was achieved on 15th August 1947."

The Indian Constituent Assembly met on December 9, 1946. The Assembly appointed a number of committees to report on the various aspects of the proposed constitution. The Indian Constitution was finalized with 395 Articles and eight Schedules, and was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949. The Indian Republic officially came into being on January 26, 1950. January 26 was not some random date picked out of the calendar. It was on this date in 1927, that the Indian National Congress, then fighting its non-violent war for freedom, voted for complete independence as against dominion status. It was the date when members of the INC took the pledge to work towards a sovereign democratic republic of India. After the Constitution was written and adopted on November 1949, 26 January 1950 the following year was chosen as the day when India would finally arrive as a nation, complete with the lengthiest and the most detailed constitution in the world. Since than Republic day is celebrated all over the country. It was on 26th January 1950 that India became a nation in the true sense, with a constitution and elected representatives of the people.

Germination of seeds for kids - What is germination?

Have you ever tried to grow your own plants?
If you have, you may have started with seeds.
Plants have male and female parts.
In seed-bearing plants, the male reproductive cells, called sperm, are carried in tiny grains called pollen.
These cells are released into the ovary, the female part of the plant.
There, one of the sperm joins with a female reproductive cell, called an egg, to start a new plant.
This tiny new plant, called an embryo, is at first kept in a seed with its own store of food.
Seeds can be many different shapes and sizes but they all do the same job. They are scattered away from the parent plant.
The outer cover of each seed protects the embryo until the seed lands in a suitable place. When conditions are right, the seed takes up water and the new plant grows out of it.

This is called germination.

What do seeds need to germinate?

How do seeds germinate?

The name for the moment in which seeds start to grow is germination. Seeds come in many different shapes and sizes—big ones, small ones, round ones, flat ones, and thin ones.
No matter what they look like, each seed has a tough outer coat and enough stored food to start growing.
Some seeds can wait a long time before they germinate.
If you buy a packet of seeds and keep it dry, you can plant the seeds several years later and they will still grow into healthy plants. Some seeds of poppies and docks have stayed underground for many years before germinating into new plants!
When a seed germinates, one part grows upwards and one part grows downwards.
The part that grows upwards is called a shoot, and the part that grows downwards is called a root.
Seeds will not germinate until they receive three things— water, warmth and oxygen—all at the same time and in the correct amounts.

Roots And Shoots

Did you know that shoots grow upwards? Shoots grow toward the light, which they need in order to make their own food. Sunlight provides the energy that plants use to make the sugars and starches that are their food.
 
Did you know that roots grow downwards?
Roots fix plants firmly in the ground. Large trees, for example, have many big spreading roots to anchor them. Roots also absorb water and other nutrients to help plants grow.

Plants without Seeds, Spores

Some plants can reproduce themselves without using seeds or spores. Many of these plants have male and female parts, but they may not use them to make seeds or spores. Instead, new plants develop from special buds on the parent plant.
Tiny organisms called algae may be so small that each is made up of just one plant cell. This cell can split into two to make two separate algae. This splitting process is called binary fission.
Beach grass grows new plants from a network of long stems that spread sideways underground. This is very useful in sand dunes near the sea, because the stems anchor the plant in the ground and at the same time stop the wind from blowing all the sand away.
The part of the potato plant that we eat is called the tuber. Tubers are part of the stem that grows underground. If they are not dug up and eaten, the tubers will grow into new potato plants. Look closely at a potato and youll see the small buds, called eyes, that grow into new plants.
Bryophyllum is called the good luck plant. Tiny new plants grow on the edges of its leaves. The new plants drop down to the ground, root themselves and start growing as separate plants.

[Morgaon : Shri Moreshvara MoreshvarMorgaon is situated on the banks of river Karha in Baramati Taluka (Pune District).
People say that that place shape looks like a peacock and that there were many peacocks in ancient times : for that reason, the location is called "Morgaon". This village is only at 56 kms from Pune and can be easily reached by bus or railway. Morgaon enshrines Ganapati as Mayureshwar (Moresh) or the peacock rider, who slew the demon Sindhu in response to pleas from the Gods. The Murti The deity Moreshwara is in sitting posture, facing east with trunk turning left and smeared with vermillion mixed in oil. Diamonds are embedded in its eyes and navel, on its head is the Nagaraja hood. On both sides of the mûrti, there are brass statues of His two wives, Siddhi and Buddhi. In front, are standing Mushaka (Rat) and Mayura (Peacock). It is said that doing Abhishek on "Moreshwar", all desires are fulfilled. Mayureshwars armour had been cast off in 1788 and 1822 A.D. People believe that the original mûrti, created by God Brahma, was made up of sand, iron and diamond and would stay behind the present statue. The temple The main temple, facing north, is located in the village centreand looks like a small fortress, similar to a fortified mosque. The temple complex comprises of a dome, surrounded by a 17 meters high enclosure and decked with four pillars in each corner. The main temple was built with a particuler black stone, during the Bahmani period, in a typical Moghul style. It has four gates. In the eastern gate stays Lakshminarayana, giver of Dharma. In the southern gate, are Parvati and Shankara, givers of Artha. Then comes yhe western gate where Rati and Kama resides. Lastly, in the northern gate one can find Mahivaraha (Earth and Sun). In the eight corners, there are eight statues of Ganapati called Ekadanta, Mahodara, Gajanana, Lambodar, Vikata, Vigharâja, Dhumravarna and Vakratunda. In the temple complex there are trees of Shani, Mandar and Tarati (Kalpavriksha). While going towards the temple, a huge Deep Mala (oil lamp pillar) will be seen first. In front of it is Nagarkhana (where kettledrums are kept). Near Nagarkhana, there is a mouse made up of black stone. On climbing the steps, you will see a big Nandi made up of black stone facing Mayureshwar. This is the only Ashtavinayaka temple with a Nandi. The question is how Nandi can stay in front of Ganapati instead of Lord Shiva ? Following legend is the answer to this. Years ago, Nandi statue was carried on a cart for its consecration in front of a nearby Shivalaya temple. However, the cart broke in front of Mayureshwaras temple. People tried their best to shift Nandi but all in vain. The man carrying the cart had omen in the night, Nandi saying, "I want to stay before Mayureshwar only". Thus Nandi - Maharaj sat before Mayureshwara for ever.]
Morgaon : Shri Moreshvara

MoreshvarMorgaon is situated on the banks of river Karha in Baramati Taluka (Pune District). People say that that place shape looks like a peacock and that there were many peacocks in ancient times : for that reason, the location is called "Morgaon". This village is only at 56 kms from Pune and can be easily reached by bus or railway. Morgaon enshrines Ganapati as Mayureshwar (Moresh) or the peacock rider, who slew the demon Sindhu in response to pleas from the Gods.

The Murti

The deity Moreshwara is in sitting posture, facing east with trunk turning left and smeared with vermillion mixed in oil. Diamonds are embedded in its eyes and navel, on its head is the Nagaraja hood. On both sides of the mûrti, there are brass statues of His two wives, Siddhi and Buddhi. In front, are standing Mushaka (Rat) and Mayura (Peacock). It is said that doing Abhishek on "Moreshwar", all desires are fulfilled. Mayureshwars armour had been cast off in 1788 and 1822 A.D. People believe that the original mûrti, created by God Brahma, was made up of sand, iron and diamond and would stay behind the present statue.

The temple

The main temple, facing north, is located in the village centreand looks like a small fortress, similar to a fortified mosque. The temple complex comprises of a dome, surrounded by a 17 meters high enclosure and decked with four pillars in each corner. The main temple was built with a particuler black stone, during the Bahmani period, in a typical Moghul style. It has four gates. In the eastern gate stays Lakshminarayana, giver of Dharma. In the southern gate, are Parvati and Shankara, givers of Artha. Then comes yhe western gate where Rati and Kama resides. Lastly, in the northern gate one can find Mahivaraha (Earth and Sun). In the eight corners, there are eight statues of Ganapati called Ekadanta, Mahodara, Gajanana, Lambodar, Vikata, Vigharâja, Dhumravarna and Vakratunda. In the temple complex there are trees of Shani, Mandar and Tarati (Kalpavriksha). While going towards the temple, a huge Deep Mala (oil lamp pillar) will be seen first. In front of it is Nagarkhana (where kettledrums are kept). Near Nagarkhana, there is a mouse made up of black stone. On climbing the steps, you will see a big Nandi made up of black stone facing Mayureshwar. This is the only Ashtavinayaka temple with a Nandi. The question is how Nandi can stay in front of Ganapati instead of Lord Shiva ? Following legend is the answer to this. Years ago, Nandi statue was carried on a cart for its consecration in front of a nearby Shivalaya temple. However, the cart broke in front of Mayureshwaras temple. People tried their best to shift Nandi but all in vain. The man carrying the cart had omen in the night, Nandi saying, "I want to stay before Mayureshwar only". Thus Nandi - Maharaj sat before Mayureshwara for ever.

Atelectasis is either complete or partial collapse of a lung.
The term refers to two distinct conditions.
The first is the failure of the lungs to expand at birth, and the second is the collapsed (airless) condition of a segment of a lung.
This collapse is generally caused by an obstruction in the tube (bronchus) leading to the lung, or by excessive secretion of mucus in the airway.
Such a condition can occur in several respiratory disorders, particularly in pneumonia but also in bronchitis.
Pressure from outside the lungs from a tumor or an expanded blood vessel (aneurysm), for example, can also press on part of a lung and cause a collapse.

Atelectasis treatment

If the cause of the collapse is a blocked bronchus, such an obstruction may be removed by using a special instrument called a bronchoscope.
Atelectasis from other causes can often be corrected by breathing exercises and respiratory therapy treatments.

Complications of atelectasis

If excessive amounts of mucus are the cause of the collapse, the mucus build-up can become infected. Atelectasis following surgery may cause a fever.

Sunglasses trends 2014

Sunglassesmade out of wood

• Shwood
• Woodt
• Palowood 

Which sunglass suits me best?

Shwood Sunglasses

Your head shape determines the right sunglass

My face is round

My face is oval

My face is more rectangle

My face is heart-shaped

Protect your eyes with an UV block

Did you know that a power station can produce electricity without burning coal or oil, and without using nuclear fuel?
How?
A power station can turn the potential energy of water into kinetic energy and then convert this energy into electrical energy by using a generator. This kind of power station is called a hydroelectric power station.

Hydroelectric power stations are usually found in mountainous areas where there is plenty of rainfall. A large dam built across a river holds back a huge lake of water. Pipes carry the water downhill to a kind of waterwheel, called a water turbine, which is connected to a generator.

There are two kinds of water turbines. Inside an impulse turbine, water flows onto the blades or paddles of a paddle-wheel and forces it to turn. In a reaction turbine, water flows out of tiny jets fixed to a wheel. As the water squirts out, the wheel turns. Water turbines thus convert the energy of moving water into electrical energy.

The water held by this dam has high potential energy. When the water rushes down to drive the turbines, the potential energy becomes kinetic energy.

People who know me well know I love mysteries. I started at age 10 with the Nancy Drew series and never looked back. Today children can get hooked on detective stories at an even earlier age. Precious Ramotswe, a private eye living in Botswana, stars in a number of adult mysteries written by the prolific Alexander McCall Smith. Now young readers have the chance to meet Precious as Smith recounts how she solved her first case while still a schoolgirl. Smith has an easy, conversational style. He begins, "Have you ever said to yourself, Wouldnt it be nice to be a detective?" Readers feel themselves in the hands of a natural storyteller and immediately relax.

The mystery Precious solves is appropriately scaled for young readers. A thief is stealing delicious baked goods from students in school. When a boy is accused on circumstantial evidence, Precious comes to his rescue. And when the true suspect is revealed, like in every good mystery, readers will experience both surprise at not spotting the culprit sooner and a sense of inevitability.

Set in Botswana, the book immerses readers in a world much different from the world they know. Smith begins the book with Preciouss father relating a tale of how he saved his village from a hungry lion by keeping his wits about him. Readers will relate, though, to Precious and her classmates, who behave as children do the world over.

The book is illustrated in striking woodcuts. Ian McIntosh limits himself to a palette of red, black, and gray, yet manages to produce  bold artwork that give the story a timeless feel. Altogether, this book serves as a fine introduction to the mystery genre.

The Great Cake Mystery
by Alexander McCall Smith
illustrations by Iain McIntosh
Anchor Books, 80 pages
Published: April 2012

Beware, indeed. The Ninja Weenies are a bunch of martial arts wannabes causing havoc at the narrators school. Then his birthday party threatens to be ruined by the bullies until a real ninja comes to his rescue. Thats just one of the more than two dozen short stories in David Lubars latest collection. The stories are super short--most run three to four pages--and all feature outlandish or downright weird happenings. A snow globe that makes real snow, a pool that becomes the ocean, casting its young swimmer adrift, bedbugs that suck an unfortunate hotel guest dry. Boys are the protagonists in the majority of the tales, but one of my favorites features a girl. In "A Christmas Carol," Carol loves Christmas so much she wishes it will never end. When a genii dressed as Santa grants her wish, savvy readers suspect how it will end. The tale, however, turns our expectations upside down.

While not all the stories deliver, enough do to make this a worthwhile collection. Fans of The Twilight Zone will find much to enjoy between its pages. Lubar wraps up his book by revealing how he got the idea for each story, a nice touch.

Beware the Ninja Weenies and Other Warped and Creepy Tales
by David Lubar
Starscape/Tom Doherty, 192 pages
Published: June 2012

This weeks topic over at The Broke and the Bookish is authors youd put on auto-buy. I divided my list into two, one dedicated to childrens book authors and the other to writers who pen for adults.

Authors Who Write for Children
1. Jack Gantos
Everything Ive read of his Ive loved. Gantos has a unique voice that captures children the way they really are, not how adults want them to be.
2. Kevin Henkes
From picture books to easy readers to middle grade fiction, Henkes does it all and does it well.
3. Polly Horvath
Horvaths characters are quirky, but in a believable way. And shes laugh-aloud funny.
4. Sara Pennypacker
Her Clementine books are some of the best early chapter books around.
5. Mo Willems
The mighty Mo. Nuff said.

Authors Who Write for Adults
1. Kate Atkinson
Shes got a new novel on the horizon and its already on my pre-order list.
2. Alison Bechdel
Bechdel cant write--and illustrate--them fast enough for me. My all-time favorite graphic novelist.
3. Amy Bloom
A master of the short story, Bloom writes about people you wont soon forget.
4. Ruth Rendell
Even though Ive sometimes been disappointed by her work, I still read every Ruth Rendell/Barbara Vine novel that comes out. When shes at her best, no other suspense writer can touch her.
5. David Sedaris
Who could pass up a David Sedaris collection? Not me.

So thats my list. What authors make your cut?

Reading Girl by Gustave Adolph Hennig (1797-1869)

Last year was the first I kept a record of the books Id completed. I wish I had done this long ago, as its been helpful to look back and reflect on my reading habits. In all, I read 33 books (adult ones that is; Ive read more than 100 childrens books, many of which Ive discussed in this blog).

Without further ado, here is my list. Wheres yours?